Tragic Drama

Hello viewers,

     Here is my blog about Tragic Drama.so let's discuss it.

Introduction:-

     Literature, which express and communicates thoughts, feeling and attitude towards life. In literature we have various forms like, poetry, novel, short stories, essay and drama etc. In drama we have three forms Tragedy, Comedy and Tragic-comedy.

   Prose, poetry and drama are major forms of literature our related concern is drama particular tragic drama but before that we must know what tragedy is? Or  what is tragedy? Solids first first see the definition of tragedy;

     Tragedy the world we can find in our today life it is form of literature we find subjects about unlucky events unhappy ending it is called Tragedy.

Simply we can say : A Tragedy is a sad or unlucky event. 

Many times widget headlines in newspaper like,

   

            "Holiday Bathing Tragedy "

            "Family killed in motorway Tragedy "

       Event in the theatre the word tragedy used to describe any play which has an Happy Ending lakh Shakespeare's drama Hamlet and  Othello.

     For the student of literature however the word has rather different and more specialised meaning.

  Origin of Tragic Drama :

          

                    Tragedy has its on birth in Greece during the fifth century before Christ. The great Athenian dramatist Aechylos, Sophocles or Euripides wrote tragedies.These tragedies of a power and beauty that has never been equiled. 

What is Tragic Drama :

  When we know about Rachit grammar first we must know something about drama. 

"Drama present picture of fact in form of dialogues presented before an audience"

Dryden define drama as, 

      " Just and lovely image of human nature representing its position and humus and the change of Fortune to which it is subject for the delight and instruction of mankind"

     Now let's discuss about tragedy drama in earlier times Dramas have been divided into two kinds tragedy and comedy the wandering with the Dark Side of the life the with its light side.

 we simply meant that,

    " Tragedy a sad or unlucky event or on happy ending" or

   "which play has an Happy Ending"

 for example Hamlet or Othello, King Lear

            The beggar is begging  it is not called tragedy  but when the rich person comes on the footpath and begging it it is called tragedy,  in the tragedy when greater, higher and talented person comes at lower.

Characteristics of classical /Greek Tragedy 

      Aristotle has given some characteristics of classical Greek tragedy it is also known "Aristotle  tragedy"

*  stories already well to the audience.

*  strong religious elements are presented.

*  " Horror" and "Violence" are not shown.        on   the stage. Audience knows then by.          the "chorus "or "messenger".

*  There are only few actors between 2 to 5.      or 6.

*  Characters were of high class.

*   no mixing of tragic and comic elements.

* Aristotle Theory on "Hamarictia" or.               "catharsis".

           Aristotle wrote a little book "Poetics " in his book he give some information about tragedy. He put some of his thoughts about literature in general and tragedy in particular.

         He himself ask to question about theatre going people

1.    why we get pleasure and satisfaction by seeing tragedy? 

2.  What kind of person ought to be the chief character of a tragedy?

Answer  are :

1.    In our real life our certain emotions is pixel e p t of hair does not get used and tragedy stirs up that pity and fear like waste product. It is called Purgation and  Catharsis.

Ex - In Milton's words at the end of his Greek style tragedy  "Samson  agonists leave us "

     " With peace and cancellations and calm of mind all patient spent"

2. The hero of tragedy should be neither good nor bad if he is too good please fall will be shocking and if he is too bad we would not have pity in his fault for his on weakness is made responsible it is called Hemartia or fatal flow. 

  At least  Aristotle defined the tragedy in the following term,

 " tragedy is and imitation of an action that is serious magnitude and complete action emotion of Pity of here are created and should be catharsis".

The Black Cat by Edgar Allan Poe

Hello friends,

Introduction

            In this blog, I wrote about the short story. Here I'm talking about the story ' The Black Cat'. This story is written by  Edgar Allan Poe.


Edger Allan Poe 

        He was an American author, editor, poet and literary critic, considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre, Poe was one of the earliest American practitioners of the short story and is considered the inventor of the detective genre. He also gave his contribution to the genre of science fiction.


Work:-

      Edger Allan Poe gave his contribution in literature in a different genre. Here I gave some work which is written by him.

Short story:-

The Black Cat
The Tell-tale Heart
The Mosque of the Red
The Fall of the House of Usher
The Murder in the Rue Morgue
The Gold- Bug
The pit and the pendulum
Ligeia
Berenice


Poem:-

The Raven
Annabel Lee
The Bells
The Happiest day
Alone
Lenore
Eldorado
The Helen
Tamerlane
The valley of Unrest

              Here our concern with the short story and that story is very interesting, with mystery and horror. This story named The Black Cat. 

The story in brief :

         The story is presented as a first-person narrative using an unreliable narrator. He is a condemned man at the outset of the story. The narrator tells us that from an early age he loves animals. He has so many pets. His wife also loves animals. They have so many pets, one of them is large Black Cat named Pluto.

         One night after coming home intoxicated narrator knew that the cat is disliked him and avoid him even Pluto don't want to go near to him, and Pluto bits his hand and in anger took his knife, held it by the neck and cut out one of his eyes.

    After doing this he was felt guilty but then even we can't control his self and sometime after he knew that what he will go to do is evil even though he caught the cat and hung it by its neck from a tree until the cat was dead.

   The next day, the narrator returns to the ruins of his home to find, imprinted on the single wall that survived the fire, the figure of a gigantic cat hanging by its neck from a rope.

      At first, this image terrifies the narrator but gradually he determines a logic explanation for it, someone outside had thrown the dead cat into the bedroom to wake him up during the fire and begins to miss Pluto. Sometime later, he finds a similar cat in a tavern. It is the same size and colour as the original and is even missing an eye.  The only difference large white patch on the animal's chest. The narrator takes it home but soon begins to loathe even fear the creature. After a time the white patch of fur begins to take shape and, to the narrator forms the shape of the gallows.

    Then, one day when the narrator and his wife are visiting the cellar in their new home, the cat gets under its master's feet and nearly trips him down the stairs. In a fury, the man grabs an axe and tries to kill the cat but is stopped by his wife. Enraged, he kills her with the axe instead. To conceal her body he removes bricks from a protrusion in the wall, places her body there, and repairs the hole. When the police came to investigate, they find nothing and the narrator goes free. The cat which he intended to kill as well has gone missing.

 

On the last day of the investigation, the narrator accompanies the police into the cellar. They still find nothing. Then completely confident in his own safety, the narrator comment on the sturdiness of the building and raps upon the wall he had built around his wife's body. A wailing sound fills the room. The alarmed police took down the wall and find the wife's corpse, and on her head, to the horror of the narrator, is the screening black cat. As he words :  I had walled the monster up within the tomb!".

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Assignment Topic: Gayatri spivak and the subaltern

Name :Mehal J.  Pandya 

Sem :2

Roll no. 13

Enrollment no. 2069108420200029

Subject : Cultural studies 

Assignment Topic: Gayatri spivak and the subaltern 

Batch:2019-2020

E-mail Id :mehalpandya252@gmail.com

Submitted to: Department of English 

         M. K. Bhavanagar University 

Preface :

          In the post-colonial studies, the term ‘subaltern’ identifies and describes the 

man, the woman, and the social group who is socially, politically and geographically outside of the hegemonic power structure. Nowadays, Subaltern concern has become so prominent that it is regularly used in various disciplines such as history, psychology, sociology, anthropology and literature. The concept 

of subaltern contains the groups that are marginalized, oppressed and exploited on 

the basis of social, cultural, religious and political grounds. Subaltern literature reflects various themes such as oppression, marginalization, subjugation of lower and working classes, gender discrimination, disregarded women, deprived classes, racial and caste discrimination etc. It is one of the subdivisions of post -colonialism.

Antonio Gramsci:

 Italian Marxist best known for his elaboration of the concept of hedging money a founder of the Italian communist party in 1921 he was imprisoned by the passage in 1926 and spent the reminder of his life under arrest while in the prison and despite Poor health he continued to study and write. His name is The Priso Notebook (1929-1935).it was published only after the fall of Fascism, represent the core of his considerable contribution to Marxist theory. 

     Gayatri spivak :

    Gayatri spivak is one of the influential critic who is related to postcolonial feminism deconstruction and Marxism she is follower of the Derrida  and his translator.she gave the theory of subaltern.        

   

              According to  Gayatri spivak  "TheSubaltern cannot speak, she opines that the subaltern does not have a voice".

          B.K. Das opines that” Gayatri Spivak has expanded the meaning of subaltern who laid the stress on gendered subaltern-that women who are doubly oppressed by colonialism and particularly in the Third World countries”

           She,  therefore,  has given literary  mode to Subaltern studies.  Spivak has become a reliable  voice of the post-colonial period since  the publication of her essay “Can the Subaltern  Speak?” She has deeply extended her discourse to a  large variety of topics such as Marxism, Feminism and Deconstruction.  Through her cultural and critical theories, she tried to challenge the  legacy of colonialism.

             In  the Indian  cultural context,  the term “subaltern”  asks more significance as  the people have struggled hard  for independence. She prefers the  term “subaltern” as it contains the  exact picture of the lower-class people.  Morton quotes the words of Spivak as: I like  the word subaltern for one reason. It is totally  situational. Subaltern began as a description of a certain  rank in the military. The word was under censorship by Gramsci:  he called Marxism “monism”, and was obliged to call the proletarian  “subaltern.” That word, used under duress, has been transformed into the  description of everything that doesn’t fall under strict class analysis. I  like that, because it has no theoretical rigor.

Subaltern :

         When we talk about the subaltern then first we should  know about that, what is 'subaltern' means? 

           In simple language we can different subaltern who are victim and no power no power to raise their voice and also this way we can define the meaning of subaltern in post call on colonial studies and in critical theory third term subaltern design it's the colonial population who are socially political and geographical e outside the hierarchy of power of a Colony and the empires Metropolitan Homeland.

        As we know so many  Nation are colonized,like Canada,Australia,New Zealand, Nigeria, Kenya,India,Pakistan and more countries which were once colonized by British.

         Subaltern term means of lowering Gayatri spivak borrowed these term from Italian Marxism Marxist Antonio gramsci in her essay she also wrote about the subaltern group example of women tribal peoples third word

       Basically, the word ‘subaltern’ is originated from the Late Latin word ‘subalternus’ in which ‘sub’ means ‘under’ and ‘alternus’ means ‘every other’. It is primarily a British military term which is used for a junior officer below from the rank of a captain, literal meaning ‘subordinate’.

              When we talk about subaltern we also remember its related with colonialism as well spivak story strongly argument for this word subaltern and who are subaltern cannot speak for himself or herself because of the structure of colonial power Michel foucault talk about the power in its influence on people and over action.

      

                 During the colonial time women speaking is even more impossible because of the social structure for the society and the evil custom for the women, so the colonialism and the patriarchy ensure  that women should keep quiet and they should not speak it so fat to raise their voice,it is not possible in any cost at those time. So Spivak also wrote on feminism and critique on that.

      Marginalised people ,power, hegemony and hierarchy all are  aspects through,we can study about the subaltern.Power is based on assumption information and analysis of people and events. Thus  power is about a cultural condition -of knowledge.we are always under the power and influence of other and our actions are according that power and influence. Sometime that power of a person, family, society, political power.So ,this how one can become Subaltern.

             In our society we can find the many kind of discrimination and that's why in our society we can find subaltern, victim and marginalised people. Ex- In literature we can see the subaltern and lower class in The purpose by T. P. Kailasam and the untouchable,who are also subaltern. Rohinton Mistry's 'Fine Balance' is one of remarkable work on untouchability. 

             'Mapping subaltern studies and the post -colonial' whose editor is Vinayak chaturvedi. This book was published in 2000.

              In  the post-colonial  scenario, the term  ‘subaltern’ gets wider  perspective as it refers  to the third world countries  and the marginalized groups in  the society. Subaltern Studies as  a distinctive branch of learning and  research, began first in England at the  end of 1970’s, when conversations on subaltern  themes among a small group of English and Indian  historians led to a proposal to launch a new journal  in India to dig out the history of the marginalized section  of the society.

                              

          The study of subaltern there is a one project which was launched in  1982 under the leadership of Ranjeet Gurjar at the time India was the free from colonial world of Britishers. In1982, Oxford University Press in New Delhi published the first volume of essays entitled Subaltern Studies: Writings on South Asian History and Society edited by Ranajit Guha. The first three volumes of essays appeared annually from 1982 and 

the success of these volumes stimulated three more volumes in the next five years.

          Ranajit Guha is certainly the most famous name among all Subaltern Historians. His Elementary Aspects of Peasants Insurgency in Colonial India is the most powerful example of Subaltern historical scholarship. Returning to the 19th Century ‘peasants’ insurrection in Colonial India.

          Ranjit Guha has explained the aim of Subaltern Studies in Subaltern Studies I as: The aim of subaltern studies is to promote a systematic and informed discussion of subaltern themes in the field of South Asian Studies, and thus help to rectify the elitist bias characteristic of much research and academic work in this particular area, (i) His further argument is that the Subaltern Studies is the study of "the history, politics, economics and sociology of subaltenity ... in short, the culture informing the condition. (SS: 48)

           The project Explorer and recorded smaller rebellions and tried to readers balance it gave a voice to the subaltern with him the freedom struggle.

      In study of subaltern there are member of group ,they are; Shahid Amin, David Arnold, Partha Chetterji, David Hardiman, Dipesh Chakrabarty and Gyanendra Pandey.David Arnold  study about the subaltern and also he follow the Antonio Gramsci. He wrote upon him and his Italian background and life. Francisco wrote about the separatism and the lower class people's situation. 

    The reason behind the study of marginalised and who have no voice ;is to refocus history on the unique role of subaltern or who were marginalised people is bringing about large scale transformation in society. They were focused on subaltern in term of class, race, gender, cast, language and culture. 

Here is one chart in context of social formation and the subaltern 

Social  Formation	Sabalturn	Dominant  Group	Ideology
Class	Working classes	Capitalist bourgeois	Capitalism
Empire	Natives	European	Colonialism
Patriarchy	Women	Men	Gender
Nation	Ethnic minorities	Majority	Homogenisation and nationalism

            In this table in the very first we can see the  capitalist hold the power and working people are subaltern. Working people generate the profit and all benefits for the Capitalist.

      In the patriarchy women became subaltern and victim. In a roll of daughter, sister, wife,mother. Because of they have no right to speak they reduce their identity  to her relationship with men. We can see the gender discrimination in those time and even in present time but in 21st century women started to raise their voice and ask for their right. 

Conclusion :

       At the end of so many thinking and arguments we can say  Subalaturn will never speak because of our society structure and the hierarchy or power. They will be exist in society so the hierarchy will remain because of power will be there and it creates the system like this. If any one sabalturn will speak there are so many who will never revolt. This is a Subalaturn  theory which can also represent marginalised.In short we can find the power and control and the class system in society. 

Work citation 

Guha,  Ranjit.  Selected Subaltern  Studies. Delhi: OUP,  1998

Guha, Ranjit. Ed. Subaltern Studies, Vol, VII, Oxford, 1982

Nayar, Pramod K. An Introduction to Cultural Studies. New Delhi: Viva Books Private Limited, 2019.